Subversion Repositories QNX 8.QNX8 IFS tool

// dump.c -- information dumping routines for ifstool

// standard C includes

#include <stdint.h>

#include <stdbool.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdarg.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#include <time.h>

// platform-specific includes

#ifdef _MSC_VER

#include <direct.h>

#include <sys/utime.h>

#else // !_MSC_VER

#include <sys/param.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <utime.h>

#endif // _MSC_VER

// own includes

#include "ucl/ucl.h"

#include "minilzo.h"

#include "buffer.h"

#include "sha512.h"

#include "ifsfile.h"

#include "elffile.h"

#include "utility.h"

// imported global variables

extern int verbose_level; // from ifstool.c

// exported function prototypes

int dump_ifs_info (const char *ifs_pathname, bool want_everything, bool hide_filename); // dumps detailed info about a particular IFS file on the standard output, returns 0 on success and >0 on error

int dump_ifs_contents (const char *ifs_pathname, const char *outdir); // dumps the IFS filesystem contents in outdir, returns 0 on success and >0 on error

int dump_file_hex (const char *pathname); // hexdump the content of pathname, returns 0 on success and != 0 on error

// prototypes of local functions

static int create_intermediate_dirs (const char *file_pathname); // creates all intermediate directories from root (or cwd) up to file_path, returns 0 on success and != 0 on error

static void hex_fprintf (FILE *fp, const uint8_t *data, size_t data_size, int howmany_columns, const char *fmt, ...); // hexdump-style formatted output to a file stream (which may be stdout/stderr)

static char *binary (const uint8_t x, char char_for_zero, char char_for_one); // returns the binary representation of x as a string

static char *describe_uint8 (const uint8_t x, const char *bitwise_stringdescs[8]); // returns the ORed description of byte 'x' according to the description strings for each bit

// imported function prototypes

extern int32_t update_checksum (const void *data, const size_t data_len, const bool is_foreign_endianness); // from ifstool.c

static int create_intermediate_dirs (const char *file_pathname)

{

   // creates all intermediate directories from root (or cwd) up to file_path

   char *temp_pathname;

   char *separator;

   char *ctx;

   size_t string_index;

   size_t length;

   temp_pathname = strdup (file_pathname); // have a working copy of file_pathname

   if (temp_pathname == NULL)

      return (-1); // on strdup() failure, return an error value (errno is set)

   length = strlen (temp_pathname);

   for (string_index = length - 1; string_index != SIZE_MAX; string_index--) // i.e. loop until it overflows

      if ((temp_pathname[string_index] == '/') || (temp_pathname[string_index] == '\\'))

         break; // look for the last directory separator and stop as soon as we find it

   if (string_index != SIZE_MAX)

   {

      for (; string_index < length; string_index++)

         temp_pathname[string_index] = 0; // if we found one, break there so as to have just the path and clear the rest of the string

      separator = strtok_r (&temp_pathname[1], "/\\", &ctx); // for each separator in the remaining string past the first one...

      while (separator != NULL)

      {

         (void) mkdir (temp_pathname, 0755); // create directories recursively

         temp_pathname[strlen (temp_pathname)] = '/'; // put the separator back

         separator = strtok_r (NULL, "/\\", &ctx); // and look for the next one

      }

   }

   free (temp_pathname); // release our working copy of file_pathname

   return (0);

}

static void hex_fprintf (FILE *fp, const uint8_t *data, size_t data_size, int howmany_columns, const char *fmt, ...)

{

   // this function logs hexadecimal data to an opened file pointer (or to stdout/stderr)

   va_list argptr;

   size_t index;

   int i;

   // concatenate all the arguments in one string and write it to the file

   va_start (argptr, fmt);

   vfprintf (fp, fmt, argptr);

   va_end (argptr);

   // for each row of howmany_columns bytes of data...

   for (index = 0; index < data_size; index += howmany_columns)

   {

      fprintf (fp, "    %05zu  ", index); // print array address of row

      for (i = 0; i < howmany_columns; i++)

         if (index + i < data_size)

            fprintf (fp, " %02X", data[index + i]); // if row contains data, print data as hex bytes

         else

            fprintf (fp, "   "); // else fill the space with blanks

      fprintf (fp, "   ");

      for (i = 0; i < howmany_columns; i++)

         if (index + i < data_size)

            fputc ((data[index + i] >= 32) && (data[index + i] < 127) ? data[index + i] : '.', fp); // now if row contains data, print data as ASCII

         else

            fputc (' ', fp); // else fill the space with blanks

      fputc ('\n', fp);

   }

   return; // and return

}

static char *binary (const uint8_t x, char char_for_zero, char char_for_one)

{

   // returns the binary representation of x as a string

   static thread_local char outstr[9] = "00000000";

   for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)

      outstr[i] = (x & (0x80 >> i) ? char_for_one : char_for_zero);

   return (outstr);

}

static char *describe_uint8 (const uint8_t x, const char *bitwise_stringdescs[8])

{

   // returns the ORed description of byte 'x' according to the description strings for each bit

   static char *default_bitstrings[8] = { "bit0", "bit1", "bit2", "bit3", "bit4", "bit5", "bit6", "bit7" };

   static thread_local char outstr[8 * 64] = "";

   outstr[0] = 0;

   for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)

      if (x & (1 << i))

      {

         if (outstr[0] != 0)

            strcat_s (outstr, sizeof (outstr), "|");

         strcat_s (outstr, sizeof (outstr), ((bitwise_stringdescs != NULL) && (*bitwise_stringdescs[i] != 0) ? bitwise_stringdescs[i] : default_bitstrings[i]));

      }

   return (outstr);

}

int dump_ifs_info (const char *ifs_pathname, bool want_everything, bool hide_filename)

{

   #define hex_printf(buf,size,...) do { \

      if (want_everything || ((size) <= 16 * 1024)) /* only print when it's not too big (up to 16 kb) */\

         hex_fprintf (stdout, (buf), (size), 16, __VA_ARGS__); /* use 16 columns in hex output to stdout */ \

      else { \

         printf (__VA_ARGS__); \

         hex_fprintf (stdout, (buf), 1024, 16, "   first kilobyte:\n"); \

      } \

   } while (0)

   #define BINARY(x) binary ((x), '-', 'x')

   static const char *startupheader_flags1_strings[8] = {

      "VIRTUAL", // bit 0

      "BIGENDIAN", // bit 1

      "COMPRESS_BIT1", // bit 2

      "COMPRESS_BIT2", // bit 3

      "COMPRESS_BIT3", // bit 4

      "TRAILER_V2", // bit 5

      "", // bit 6

      "", // bit 7

   };

   static const char *imageheader_flags_strings[8] = {

      "BIGENDIAN", // bit 0

      "READONLY", // bit 1

      "INO_BITS", // bit 2

      "SORTED", // bit 3

      "TRAILER_V2", // bit 4

      "", // bit 5

      "", // bit 6

      "", // bit 7

   };

   startup_header_t *startup_header = NULL;

   size_t startupheader_offset = 0;

   startup_trailer_v1_t *startup_trailer_v1 = NULL;

   startup_trailer_v2_t *startup_trailer_v2 = NULL;

   size_t startuptrailer_offset = 0;

   image_header_t *image_header = NULL;

   size_t imageheader_offset = 0;

   image_trailer_v1_t *image_trailer_v1 = NULL;

   image_trailer_v2_t *image_trailer_v2 = NULL;

   size_t imagetrailer_offset = 0;

   fsentry_t **fsentries = NULL; // mallocated

   size_t fsentry_count = 0;

   fsentry_t *current_fsentry = NULL;

   buffer_t decompression_dst;

   char recorded_sha512[2 * SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH + 1] = "";

   char computed_sha512[2 * SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH + 1] = "";

   size_t startupfile_blobsize = 0;

   size_t compressed_blocksize;

   void *reallocated_ptr;

   bool is_foreign_endianness;

   uint8_t *decompressor_out;

   uint8_t *decompressor_in;

   size_t decompressor_outlen;

   size_t bootfile_blobsize = 0;

   size_t current_offset;

   size_t fsentry_index;

   size_t nearest_distance;

   size_t nearest_index;

   size_t byte_index;

   uint32_t recorded_checksum;

   uint32_t computed_checksum;

   buffer_t file;

   time_t mtime;

   int cf;

   // open and read IFS file

   if (!Buffer_ReadFromFile (&file, ifs_pathname))

      DIE_WITH_EXITCODE (1, "can't open \"%s\" for reading: %s", ifs_pathname, strerror (errno));

   printf ("QNX In-kernel Filesystem analysis produced by ifstool version " VERSION_FMT_YYYYMMDD "\n", VERSION_ARG_YYYYMMDD);

   if (hide_filename)

      printf ("IFS file - size 0x%zx (%zd) bytes\n", file.size, file.size);

   else

      printf ("IFS file \"%s\" - size 0x%zx (%zd) bytes\n", ifs_pathname, file.size, file.size);

   // parse file from start to end

   current_offset = 0;

   cf = STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_NONE;

   for (;;)

   {

      // does a startup header start here ?

      if ((current_offset + sizeof (startup_header_t) < file.size)

          && (startup_header == NULL)

          && (memcmp (&file.bytes[current_offset], "\xeb\x7e\xff\x00", 4) == 0))

      {

         startupheader_offset = current_offset;

         startup_header = (startup_header_t *) &file.bytes[startupheader_offset];

         // layout:

         // [STARTUP HEADER]

         // (startup file blob)

         // [STARTUP TRAILER v1 or v2]

         printf ("\n");

         printf ("Startup header at offset 0x%zx (%zd):\n", current_offset, current_offset);

         printf ("   signature     = %02x %02x %02x %02x - good\n", startup_header->signature[0], startup_header->signature[1], startup_header->signature[2], startup_header->signature[3]);

         printf ("   version       = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", startup_header->version, startup_header->version, (startup_header->version == 1 ? "looks good" : "???"));

         cf = startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_MASK;

         printf ("   flags1        = 0x%02x (%s) - %s\n", startup_header->flags1, describe_uint8 (startup_header->flags1, startupheader_flags1_strings), (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_NONE ? "uncompressed image" : (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_ZLIB ? "Zlib-compressed image (non-bootable)" : (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_LZO ? "LZO-compressed image" : (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_UCL ? "UCL-compressed image" : "compressed image (unknown algorithm)")))));

         printf ("   flags2        = 0x%02x (%s) - %s\n", startup_header->flags2, BINARY (startup_header->flags2), (startup_header->flags2 == 0 ? "looks good" : "???"));

         printf ("   header_size   = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", startup_header->header_size, startup_header->header_size, (startup_header->header_size == sizeof (startup_header_t) ? "looks good" : "BAD"));

         printf ("   machine       = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", startup_header->machine, startup_header->machine, (startup_header->machine == ELF_MACHINE_X86_64 ? "x86_64" : (startup_header->machine == ELF_MACHINE_AARCH64 ? "aarch64" : "unknown")));

         printf ("   startup_vaddr = 0x%08x (%d) - virtual address to transfer to after IPL is done\n", startup_header->startup_vaddr, startup_header->startup_vaddr);

         printf ("   paddr_bias    = 0x%08x (%d) - value to add to physical addresses to get an indirectable pointer value\n", startup_header->paddr_bias, startup_header->paddr_bias);

         printf ("   image_paddr   = 0x%08x (%d) - physical address of image\n", startup_header->image_paddr, startup_header->image_paddr);

         printf ("   ram_paddr     = 0x%08x (%d) - physical address of RAM to copy image to (startup_size bytes copied)\n", startup_header->ram_paddr, startup_header->ram_paddr);

         printf ("   ram_size      = 0x%08x (%d) - amount of RAM used by the startup program and executables in the fs\n", startup_header->ram_size, startup_header->ram_size);

         printf ("   startup_size  = 0x%08x (%d) - size of startup (never compressed) - %s\n", startup_header->startup_size, startup_header->startup_size, (current_offset + sizeof (image_header_t) + startup_header->startup_size + (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2 ? sizeof (image_trailer_v2_t) : sizeof (image_trailer_v1_t)) < file.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (IFS file too short)"));

         printf ("   stored_size   = 0x%08x (%d) - stored size of image - %s\n", startup_header->stored_size, startup_header->stored_size, (startup_header->stored_size <= startup_header->ram_size ? "looks good" : "???"));

         printf ("   imagefs_paddr = 0x%08x (%d) - set by IPL when startup runs - %s\n", startup_header->imagefs_paddr, startup_header->imagefs_paddr, (startup_header->imagefs_paddr == 0 ? "looks good" : "??? should be zero"));

         printf ("   imagefs_size  = 0x%08x (%d) - size of uncompressed imagefs\n", startup_header->imagefs_size, startup_header->imagefs_size);

         printf ("   preboot_size  = 0x%04x (%d) - size of loaded before header - %s\n", startup_header->preboot_size, startup_header->preboot_size, (startup_header->preboot_size == current_offset ? "looks good" : "???"));

         printf ("   zero0         = 0x%04x (%d) - zeros - %s\n", startup_header->zero0, startup_header->zero0, (startup_header->zero0 == 0 ? "looks good" : "??? should be zero"));

         printf ("   zero[0]       = 0x%08x (%d) - zeros - %s\n", startup_header->zero[0], startup_header->zero[0], (startup_header->zero[0] == 0 ? "looks good" : "??? should be zero"));

         printf ("   addr_off      = 0x%016llx (%lld) - offset for startup_vaddr and [image|ram|imagefs]_paddr - %s\n", (unsigned long long) startup_header->addr_off, (unsigned long long) startup_header->addr_off, (startup_header->addr_off == 0 ? "looks good" : "??? should be zero"));

         hex_printf ((uint8_t *) &startup_header->info[0], sizeof (startup_header->info), "   info[48] =\n");

         // validate that the file can contain up to the startup trailer

         if (current_offset + startup_header->startup_size > file.size)

         {

            LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (startup trailer extends past end of file)");

            goto endofdata;

         }

         // check if this endianness is ours

         if (   ( (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_BIGENDIAN) && (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__))

             || (!(startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_BIGENDIAN) && (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)))

            is_foreign_endianness = true; // if the header is big endian and we're on a little endian machine, or the other way around, it's a foreign endianness

         else

            is_foreign_endianness = false; // else this header is for the same endianness as us

         // locate the right startup trailer at the right offset

         if (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2)

         {

            startuptrailer_offset = current_offset + startup_header->startup_size - sizeof (startup_trailer_v2_t);

            startup_trailer_v2 = (startup_trailer_v2_t *) &file.bytes[startuptrailer_offset];

            startupfile_blobsize = startup_header->startup_size - sizeof (startup_header_t) - sizeof (startup_trailer_v2_t);

         }

         else // old V1 trailer

         {

            startuptrailer_offset = current_offset + startup_header->startup_size - sizeof (startup_trailer_v1_t);

            startup_trailer_v1 = (startup_trailer_v1_t *) &file.bytes[startuptrailer_offset];

            startupfile_blobsize = startup_header->startup_size - sizeof (startup_header_t) - sizeof (startup_trailer_v1_t);

         }

         current_offset += sizeof (startup_header_t); // jump over the startup header and reach the startup blob

         printf ("\n");

         printf ("Startup blob at offset 0x%zx (%zd):\n", current_offset, current_offset);

         printf ("   size 0x%zx (%zd) bytes\n", startupfile_blobsize, startupfile_blobsize);

         printf ("   checksum 0x%08x\n", update_checksum (&file.bytes[current_offset], startupfile_blobsize, is_foreign_endianness));

         current_offset += startupfile_blobsize; // jump over the startup blob and reach the startup trailer

         printf ("\n");

         printf ("Startup trailer at offset 0x%zx (%zd) - version %d:\n", current_offset, current_offset, (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2 ? 2 : 1));

         if (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2)

         {

            for (byte_index = 0; byte_index < SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH; byte_index++)

               sprintf_s (&recorded_sha512[2 * byte_index], 3, "%02x", startup_trailer_v2->sha512[byte_index]);

            strcpy_s (computed_sha512, sizeof (computed_sha512), SHA512 (startup_header, startuptrailer_offset - startupheader_offset, NULL));

            recorded_checksum = startup_trailer_v2->cksum;

            computed_checksum = update_checksum (startup_header, startuptrailer_offset + SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH - startupheader_offset, is_foreign_endianness);

            printf ("    sha512([0x%zx-0x%zx[) = %s - %s\n", startupheader_offset, startuptrailer_offset, recorded_sha512, (strcasecmp (computed_sha512, recorded_sha512) == 0 ? "GOOD" : "BAD"));

            printf ("    cksum([0x%zx-0x%zx[) = 0x%08x - %s\n", startupheader_offset, startuptrailer_offset + SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH, recorded_checksum, (computed_checksum == recorded_checksum ? "GOOD" : "BAD"));

            if (strcasecmp (computed_sha512, recorded_sha512) != 0)

               printf ("Computed SHA-512: %s\n", computed_sha512);

            if (computed_checksum != recorded_checksum)

               printf ("Computed cksum: 0x%08x\n", computed_checksum);

         }

         else // old v1 trailer

         {

            recorded_checksum = startup_trailer_v1->cksum;

            computed_checksum = update_checksum (startup_header, sizeof (startup_header) + startupfile_blobsize, is_foreign_endianness);

            printf ("    cksum([0x%zx-0x%zx[) = 0x%08x - %s\n", startupheader_offset, startuptrailer_offset, recorded_checksum, (computed_checksum == recorded_checksum ? "GOOD" : "BAD"));

            if (computed_checksum != recorded_checksum)

               printf ("Computed cksum: 0x%08x\n", computed_checksum);

         }

         current_offset += (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2 ? sizeof (startup_trailer_v2_t) : sizeof (startup_trailer_v1_t)); // now reach the next segment

      }

      // else does an image header start here ?

      else if ((current_offset + sizeof (image_header_t) < file.size)

               && (image_header == NULL)

               && (   ((cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_NONE) && (memcmp (&file.bytes[current_offset], "imagefs", 7) == 0))

                   || (cf != STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_NONE) && (startup_header->imagefs_size > 0)))

      {

         imageheader_offset = current_offset;

         image_header = (image_header_t *) &file.bytes[imageheader_offset];

         // should we decompress it ?

         if (cf != STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_NONE)

         {

            // it appears mkifs compresses data in blocks, prefixed by 2-byte block size in BIG ENDIAN

            Buffer_InitWithSize (&decompression_dst, startup_header->imagefs_size * 11 / 10); // mallocate and add 10% for safety

            decompression_dst.size = 0;

            if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_UCL)

               ASSERT (ucl_init () == UCL_E_OK, "UCL library initialization failed -- please recompile this tool with less aggressive optimizations");

            else if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_LZO)

               ASSERT (lzo_init () == LZO_E_OK, "LZO library initialization failed -- please recompile this tool with less aggressive optimizations");

            else if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_ZLIB)

            {

               LOG_WARNING ("unimplemented compression scheme: zlib (FIXME)");

               goto endofdata;

            }

            else

            {

               LOG_WARNING ("unsupported compression flags: 0x%2x", cf);

               goto endofdata;

            }

            // run the compressed payload (the imagefs) through the right decompression algorithm

            for (;;)

            {

               compressed_blocksize = (file.bytes[current_offset + 0] << 8) | (file.bytes[current_offset + 1] << 0); // read block size word (in big engian)

               current_offset += 2; // skip it

               if (compressed_blocksize == 0)

                  break; // a nil block size means end of stream is reached

               LOG_DEBUG ("about to decompress block of %zd bytes", compressed_blocksize);

               decompressor_in = &file.bytes[current_offset];

               decompressor_out = &decompression_dst.bytes[decompression_dst.size];

               decompressor_outlen = 0;

               if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_UCL)

               {

                  // UCL compression. NOTE: the decompressor function used in startup-x86 is "ucl_nrv2b_decompress_8 / ucl_nrv2b_decompress_le16 / ucl_nrv2b_decompress_le32"

                  static ucl_uint ucl_outlen; // have a different variable because of pointer size mismatch

                  if (ucl_nrv2b_decompress_8 (decompressor_in, (ucl_uint) compressed_blocksize, decompressor_out, &ucl_outlen, NULL) != UCL_E_OK)

                  {

                     LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (UCL decompression failed)");

                     goto endofdata;

                  }

                  decompressor_outlen = ucl_outlen;

               }

               else if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_LZO)

               {

                  // LZO decompression. NOTE: mkifs uses the full LZO package, whereas I use minilzo.

                  static lzo_uint lzo_outlen; // have a different variable because of pointer size mismatch

                  if (lzo1x_decompress (decompressor_in, (lzo_uint) compressed_blocksize, decompressor_out, &lzo_outlen, NULL) != LZO_E_OK)

                  {

                     LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (UCL decompression failed)");

                     goto endofdata;

                  }

                  decompressor_outlen = lzo_outlen;

               }

               else if (cf == STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_COMPRESS_ZLIB)

                  ; // TODO

               current_offset += compressed_blocksize;

               decompression_dst.size += decompressor_outlen;

            }

            LOG_INFO ("decompressed %zd bytes into %zd bytes\n", file.size - imageheader_offset, decompression_dst.size);

            // now place the decompressed buffer in the payload at the imagefs offset

            ASSERT_WITH_ERRNO (Buffer_WriteBufferAt (&file, imageheader_offset, &decompression_dst));

            current_offset = imageheader_offset; // jump back to where we put the uncompressed data

            file.size = imageheader_offset + decompression_dst.size; // update IFS data size

            startup_header = (startup_header_t *) &file.bytes[startupheader_offset]; // fix the pointers that might have changed

            if (startup_header->flags1 & STARTUP_HDR_FLAGS1_TRAILER_V2)

               startup_trailer_v2 = (startup_trailer_v2_t *) &file.bytes[startuptrailer_offset];

            else // old V1 trailer

               startup_trailer_v1 = (startup_trailer_v1_t *) &file.bytes[startuptrailer_offset];

            image_header = (image_header_t *) &file.bytes[imageheader_offset]; // fix the pointers that might have changed

         }

         // layout:

         // [IMAGE HEADER]

         // [image directory entries]

         // [smallest file blobs up to KERNEL]

         // [padding]

         // [KERNEL]

         // [rest of file blobs]

         // [IMAGE FOOTER]

         printf ("\n");

         printf ("Image header at offset %zx (%zd):\n", current_offset, current_offset);

         printf ("   signature    = %02x %02x %02x %02x %02x %02x %02x (\"%.7s\") - good\n", image_header->signature[0], image_header->signature[1], image_header->signature[2], image_header->signature[3], image_header->signature[4], image_header->signature[5], image_header->signature[6], image_header->signature);

         printf ("   flags        = 0x%02x (%s)\n", image_header->flags, describe_uint8 (image_header->flags, imageheader_flags_strings));

         printf ("   image_size   = 0x%08x (%d) - size from header to end of trailer - %s\n", image_header->image_size, image_header->image_size, (current_offset + image_header->image_size <= file.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (IFS file too short)"));

         printf ("   hdr_dir_size = 0x%08x (%d) - size from header to last dirent - %s\n", image_header->hdr_dir_size, image_header->hdr_dir_size, (current_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size < file.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (IFS file too short)"));

         printf ("   dir_offset   = 0x%08x (%d) - offset from header to first dirent - %s\n", image_header->dir_offset, image_header->dir_offset, (current_offset + image_header->dir_offset >= file.size ? "BAD (IFS file too short)" : (image_header->dir_offset > image_header->hdr_dir_size ? "BAD" : "looks good")));

         printf ("   boot_ino[4]  = { 0x%08x, 0x%08x, 0x%08x, 0x%08x }\n", image_header->boot_ino[0], image_header->boot_ino[1], image_header->boot_ino[2], image_header->boot_ino[3]);

         printf ("   script_ino   = 0x%08x (%d) - inode of compiled bootscript\n", image_header->script_ino, image_header->script_ino);

         printf ("   chain_paddr  = 0x%08x (%d) - offset to next fs signature\n", image_header->chain_paddr, image_header->chain_paddr);

         hex_printf ((uint8_t *) &image_header->spare[0], sizeof (image_header->spare), "   spare[10] =\n");

         printf ("   mountflags   = 0x%08x (%s %s %s %s)\n", image_header->mountflags, BINARY (((uint8_t *) &image_header->mountflags)[0]), BINARY (((uint8_t *) &image_header->mountflags)[1]), BINARY (((uint8_t *) &image_header->mountflags)[2]), BINARY (((uint8_t *) &image_header->mountflags)[3]));

         printf ("   mountpoint   = \"%s\"\n", image_header->mountpoint);

         // validate that the file can contain up to the image trailer

         if (current_offset + image_header->image_size > file.size)

         {

            LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (image trailer extends past end of file)");

            goto endofdata;

         }

         // check if this endianness is ours

         if (   ( (image_header->flags & IMAGE_FLAGS_BIGENDIAN) && (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__))

             || (!(image_header->flags & IMAGE_FLAGS_BIGENDIAN) && (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)))

            is_foreign_endianness = true; // if the header is big endian and we're on a little endian machine, or the other way around, it's a foreign endianness

         else

            is_foreign_endianness = false; // else this header is for the same endianness as us

         // locate the image trailer at the right offset

         if (image_header->flags & IMAGE_FLAGS_TRAILER_V2)

         {

            imagetrailer_offset = current_offset + image_header->image_size - sizeof (image_trailer_v2_t);

            image_trailer_v2 = (image_trailer_v2_t *) &file.bytes[imagetrailer_offset];

         }

         else // old V1 trailer

         {

            imagetrailer_offset = current_offset + image_header->image_size - sizeof (image_trailer_v1_t);

            image_trailer_v1 = (image_trailer_v1_t *) &file.bytes[imagetrailer_offset];

         }

         current_offset += sizeof (image_header_t); // jump over the image header and reach the first directory entry

         // there may be padding before the first directory entry

         if (image_header->dir_offset - sizeof (image_header_t) > 0)

            hex_printf (&file.bytes[current_offset], image_header->dir_offset - sizeof (image_header_t), "\n" "%zd padding bytes at offset 0x%zd (%zd):\n", image_header->dir_offset - sizeof (image_header_t), current_offset, current_offset);

         current_offset += image_header->dir_offset - sizeof (image_header_t); // padding was processed, jump over it

         // dump all directory entries until the last one included

         fsentries = NULL;

         fsentry_count = 0;

         while (current_offset < imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size)

         {

            current_fsentry = (fsentry_t *) &file.bytes[current_offset];

            if (imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size - current_offset < sizeof (current_fsentry->header))

               break; // end padding reached

            // stack up the filesystem entry pointers in an array while we read them

            reallocated_ptr = realloc (fsentries, (fsentry_count + 1) * sizeof (fsentry_t *));

            ASSERT_WITH_ERRNO (reallocated_ptr);

            fsentries = reallocated_ptr;

            fsentries[fsentry_count] = current_fsentry;

            fsentry_count++;

            printf ("\n");

            printf ("Filesystem entry at offset 0x%zx (%zd) - last one at 0x%zx (%zd):\n", current_offset, current_offset, imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size, imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size);

            printf ("   size           = 0x%04x (%d) - size of dirent - %s\n", current_fsentry->header.size, current_fsentry->header.size, ((current_fsentry->header.size > 0) && (current_offset + current_fsentry->header.size < file.size) ? "looks good" : "BAD"));

            printf ("   extattr_offset = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", current_fsentry->header.extattr_offset, current_fsentry->header.extattr_offset, (current_fsentry->header.extattr_offset == 0 ? "no extattr" : "has extattr"));

            printf ("   ino            = 0x%08x (%d) - inode number (%s%s%s%s)\n", current_fsentry->header.ino, current_fsentry->header.ino, (current_fsentry->header.ino & 0xE0000000 ? "is" : "nothing special"), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_PROCESSED_ELF ? " PROCESSED_ELF" : ""), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_RUNONCE_ELF ? " RUNONCE_ELF" : ""), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_BOOTSTRAP_EXE ? " BOOTSTRAP_EXE" : ""));

            printf ("   mode           = 0x%08x (%d) - %s (0%o), POSIX permissions 0%o\n", current_fsentry->header.mode, current_fsentry->header.mode, (S_ISDIR (current_fsentry->header.mode) ? "directory" : (S_ISREG (current_fsentry->header.mode) ? "file" : (S_ISLNK (current_fsentry->header.mode) ? "symlink" : "device"))), (current_fsentry->header.mode & 0xF000) >> 12, current_fsentry->header.mode & 0xFFF);

            printf ("   gid            = 0x%08x (%d) - owner group ID%s\n", current_fsentry->header.gid, current_fsentry->header.gid, (current_fsentry->header.gid == 0 ? " (root)" : ""));

            printf ("   uid            = 0x%08x (%d) - owner user ID%s\n", current_fsentry->header.uid, current_fsentry->header.uid, (current_fsentry->header.uid == 0 ? " (root)" : ""));

            mtime = (time_t) current_fsentry->header.mtime;

            printf ("   mtime          = 0x%08x (%d) - POSIX timestamp: %s", current_fsentry->header.mtime, current_fsentry->header.mtime, asctime (localtime (&mtime))); // NOTE: asctime() provides the newline

            if (S_ISDIR (current_fsentry->header.mode))

               printf ("   [DIRECTORY] path = \"%s\"\n", (char *) &current_fsentry->u.dir.path); // convert from pointer to char array

            else if (S_ISREG (current_fsentry->header.mode))

            {

               printf ("   [FILE] offset = 0x%08x (%d) - %s\n", current_fsentry->u.file.offset, current_fsentry->u.file.offset, (imageheader_offset + current_fsentry->u.file.offset < file.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (IFS file too short)"));

               printf ("   [FILE] size   = 0x%08x (%d) - %s\n", current_fsentry->u.file.size, current_fsentry->u.file.size, (imageheader_offset + current_fsentry->u.file.offset + current_fsentry->u.file.size < file.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (IFS file too short)"));

               printf ("   [FILE] path   = \"%s\"\n", (char *) &current_fsentry->u.file.path); // convert from pointer to char array

            }

            else if (S_ISLNK (current_fsentry->header.mode))

            {

               printf ("   [SYMLINK] sym_offset = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_offset, current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_offset, (sizeof (current_fsentry->header) + 2 * sizeof (uint16_t) + current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_offset <= current_fsentry->header.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (dirent too short)"));

               printf ("   [SYMLINK] sym_size   = 0x%04x (%d) - %s\n", current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_size, current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_size, (sizeof (current_fsentry->header) + 2 * sizeof (uint16_t) + current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_offset + current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_size <= current_fsentry->header.size ? "looks good" : "BAD (dirent too short)"));

               printf ("   [SYMLINK] path       = \"%s\"\n", (char *) &current_fsentry->u.symlink.path); // convert from pointer to char array

               printf ("   [SYMLINK] contents   = \"%s\"\n", ((char *) &current_fsentry->u.symlink.path) + current_fsentry->u.symlink.sym_offset); // convert from pointer to char array

            }

            else // can only be a device

            {

               printf ("   [DEVICE] dev  = 0x%08x (%d)\n", current_fsentry->u.device.dev, current_fsentry->u.device.dev);

               printf ("   [DEVICE] rdev = 0x%08x (%d)\n", current_fsentry->u.device.rdev, current_fsentry->u.device.rdev);

               printf ("   [DEVICE] path = \"%s\"\n", (char *) &current_fsentry->u.device.path); // convert from pointer to char array

            }

            if ((current_fsentry->header.size == 0) || (current_offset + current_fsentry->header.size >= file.size))

            {

               LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (the size of this directory entry is invalid)");

               goto endofdata;

            }

            current_offset += current_fsentry->header.size;

         }

         if (imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size < current_offset + sizeof (current_fsentry->header))

            hex_printf (&file.bytes[current_offset], imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size - current_offset, "\n" "%zd padding bytes at offset 0x%zx (%zd):\n", imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size - current_offset, current_offset, current_offset);

         current_offset += imageheader_offset + image_header->hdr_dir_size - current_offset; // padding was processed, jump over it

         // at this point we are past the directory entries; what is stored now, up to and until the image trailer, is the files' data

         if (fsentry_count > 0)

         {

            while (current_offset < imagetrailer_offset) // and parse data up to the trailer

            {

               nearest_distance = SIZE_MAX;

               nearest_index = SIZE_MAX;

               for (fsentry_index = 0; fsentry_index < fsentry_count; fsentry_index++)

                  if (S_ISREG (fsentries[fsentry_index]->header.mode) // if this directory entry a file (i.e. it has a data blob)...

                      && (imageheader_offset + (size_t) fsentries[fsentry_index]->u.file.offset >= current_offset) // ... AND its data blob is still ahead of our current pointer ...

                      && (imageheader_offset + (size_t) fsentries[fsentry_index]->u.file.offset - current_offset < nearest_distance)) // ... AND it's the closest to us we've found so far

                  {

                     nearest_distance = imageheader_offset + (size_t) fsentries[fsentry_index]->u.file.offset - current_offset; // then remember it

                     nearest_index = fsentry_index;

                  }

               if (nearest_index == SIZE_MAX)

                  break; // found no file ahead, which means we've parsed the whole file data area, so stop the loop so as to proceed to the image trailer

               fsentry_index = nearest_index;

               current_fsentry = fsentries[fsentry_index]; // quick access to closest fsentry

               // there may be padding before the file data

               if (imageheader_offset + (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.offset - current_offset > 0)

                  hex_printf (&file.bytes[current_offset], imageheader_offset + (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.offset - current_offset, "\n" "%zd padding bytes at offset 0x%zx (%zd):\n", imageheader_offset + (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.offset - current_offset, current_offset, current_offset);

               current_offset += imageheader_offset + (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.offset - current_offset; // padding was processed, jump over it

               printf ("\n");

               printf ("File data blob at offset 0x%zx (%zd):\n", current_offset, current_offset);

               printf ("   corresponding dirent index: %zd/%zd\n", fsentry_index, fsentry_count);

               printf ("   corresponding inode 0x%08x (%d) -%s%s%s%s\n", current_fsentry->header.ino, current_fsentry->header.ino, (current_fsentry->header.ino & 0xE0000000 ? "" : " nothing special"), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_PROCESSED_ELF ? " PROCESSED_ELF" : ""), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_RUNONCE_ELF ? " RUNONCE_ELF" : ""), (current_fsentry->header.ino & IFS_INO_BOOTSTRAP_EXE ? " BOOTSTRAP_EXE" : ""));

               printf ("   corresponding path: \"%s\"\n", (char *) &current_fsentry->u.file.path); // convert from pointer to char array

               printf ("   size 0x%zx (%zd) bytes\n", (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.size, (size_t) current_fsentry->u.file.size);

               if (current_offset + 4 < file.size)

                  hex_printf (&file.bytes[current_offset], current_fsentry->u.file.size, "   data:\n");

               if (current_offset + current_fsentry->u.file.size < file.size)

                  printf ("   checksum %d\n", update_checksum (&file.bytes[current_offset], current_fsentry->u.file.size, is_foreign_endianness));

               else

               {

                  LOG_WARNING ("this IFS file is corrupted (the size of this file data extends past the IFS size)");

                  goto endofdata;

               }

               current_offset += current_fsentry->u.file.size; // now jump over this file's data

            }

         }

         // ad this point we're past the last file data, there may be padding before the image trailer

         if (imagetrailer_offset - current_offset > 0)

            hex_printf (&file.bytes[current_offset], imagetrailer_offset - current_offset, "\n" "%zd padding bytes at offset %zx (%zd):\n", imagetrailer_offset - current_offset, current_offset, current_offset);

         current_offset += imagetrailer_offset - current_offset; // padding was processed, jump over it

         printf ("\n");

         printf ("Image trailer at offset 0x%zx (%zd) - version %d:\n", current_offset, current_offset, (image_header->flags & IMAGE_FLAGS_TRAILER_V2 ? 2 : 1));

         if (image_header->flags & IMAGE_FLAGS_TRAILER_V2)

         {

            for (byte_index = 0; byte_index < SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH; byte_index++)