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/*

  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1

  Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Tord Romstad (Glaurung author)

  Copyright (C) 2008-2015 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Tord Romstad

  Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Gary Linscott, Tord Romstad

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

  (at your option) any later version.

  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

*/

#include <algorithm>

#include <cassert>

#include "bitboard.h"

#include "pawns.h"

#include "position.h"

#include "thread.h"

namespace {

  #define V Value

  #define S(mg, eg) make_score(mg, eg)

  // Isolated pawn penalty by opposed flag

  const Score Isolated[2] = { S(45, 40), S(30, 27) };

  // Backward pawn penalty by opposed flag

  const Score Backward[2] = { S(56, 33), S(41, 19) };

  // Unsupported pawn penalty for pawns which are neither isolated or backward

  const Score Unsupported = S(17, 8);

  // Connected pawn bonus by opposed, phalanx, twice supported and rank

  Score Connected[2][2][2][RANK_NB];

  // Doubled pawn penalty

  const Score Doubled = S(18,38);

  // Lever bonus by rank

  const Score Lever[RANK_NB] = {

    S( 0,  0), S( 0,  0), S(0, 0), S(0, 0),

    S(17, 16), S(33, 32), S(0, 0), S(0, 0)

  };

  // Weakness of our pawn shelter in front of the king by [distance from edge][rank]

  const Value ShelterWeakness[][RANK_NB] = {

    { V( 97), V(21), V(26), V(51), V(87), V( 89), V( 99) },

    { V(120), V( 0), V(28), V(76), V(88), V(103), V(104) },

    { V(101), V( 7), V(54), V(78), V(77), V( 92), V(101) },

    { V( 80), V(11), V(44), V(68), V(87), V( 90), V(119) }

  };

  // Danger of enemy pawns moving toward our king by [type][distance from edge][rank]

  const Value StormDanger[][4][RANK_NB] = {

    { { V( 0),  V(  67), V( 134), V(38), V(32) },

      { V( 0),  V(  57), V( 139), V(37), V(22) },

      { V( 0),  V(  43), V( 115), V(43), V(27) },

      { V( 0),  V(  68), V( 124), V(57), V(32) } },

    { { V(20),  V(  43), V( 100), V(56), V(20) },

      { V(23),  V(  20), V(  98), V(40), V(15) },

      { V(23),  V(  39), V( 103), V(36), V(18) },

      { V(28),  V(  19), V( 108), V(42), V(26) } },

    { { V( 0),  V(   0), V(  75), V(14), V( 2) },

      { V( 0),  V(   0), V( 150), V(30), V( 4) },

      { V( 0),  V(   0), V( 160), V(22), V( 5) },

      { V( 0),  V(   0), V( 166), V(24), V(13) } },

    { { V( 0),  V(-283), V(-281), V(57), V(31) },

      { V( 0),  V(  58), V( 141), V(39), V(18) },

      { V( 0),  V(  65), V( 142), V(48), V(32) },

      { V( 0),  V(  60), V( 126), V(51), V(19) } }

  };

  // Max bonus for king safety. Corresponds to start position with all the pawns

  // in front of the king and no enemy pawn on the horizon.

  const Value MaxSafetyBonus = V(258);

  #undef S

  #undef V

  template<Color Us>

  Score evaluate(const Position& pos, Pawns::Entry* e) {

    const Color  Them  = (Us == WHITE ? BLACK      : WHITE);

    const Square Up    = (Us == WHITE ? NORTH      : SOUTH);

    const Square Right = (Us == WHITE ? NORTH_EAST : SOUTH_WEST);

    const Square Left  = (Us == WHITE ? NORTH_WEST : SOUTH_EAST);

    Bitboard b, neighbours, stoppers, doubled, supported, phalanx;

    Square s;

    bool opposed, lever, connected, backward;

    Score score = SCORE_ZERO;

    const Square* pl = pos.squares<PAWN>(Us);

    const Bitboard* pawnAttacksBB = StepAttacksBB[make_piece(Us, PAWN)];

    Bitboard ourPawns   = pos.pieces(Us  , PAWN);

    Bitboard theirPawns = pos.pieces(Them, PAWN);

    e->passedPawns[Us]   = e->pawnAttacksSpan[Us] = 0;

    e->semiopenFiles[Us] = 0xFF;

    e->kingSquares[Us]   = SQ_NONE;

    e->pawnAttacks[Us]   = shift<Right>(ourPawns) | shift<Left>(ourPawns);

    e->pawnsOnSquares[Us][BLACK] = popcount(ourPawns & DarkSquares);

    e->pawnsOnSquares[Us][WHITE] = pos.count<PAWN>(Us) - e->pawnsOnSquares[Us][BLACK];

    // Loop through all pawns of the current color and score each pawn

    while ((s = *pl++) != SQ_NONE)

    {

        assert(pos.piece_on(s) == make_piece(Us, PAWN));

        File f = file_of(s);

        e->semiopenFiles[Us]   &= ~(1 << f);

        e->pawnAttacksSpan[Us] |= pawn_attack_span(Us, s);

        // Flag the pawn

        opposed    = theirPawns & forward_bb(Us, s);

        stoppers   = theirPawns & passed_pawn_mask(Us, s);

        lever      = theirPawns & pawnAttacksBB[s];

        doubled    = ourPawns   & (s + Up);

        neighbours = ourPawns   & adjacent_files_bb(f);

        phalanx    = neighbours & rank_bb(s);

        supported  = neighbours & rank_bb(s - Up);

        connected  = supported | phalanx;

        // A pawn is backward when it is behind all pawns of the same color on the

        // adjacent files and cannot be safely advanced.

        if (!neighbours || lever || relative_rank(Us, s) >= RANK_5)

            backward = false;

        else

        {

            // Find the backmost rank with neighbours or stoppers

            b = rank_bb(backmost_sq(Us, neighbours | stoppers));

            // The pawn is backward when it cannot safely progress to that rank:

            // either there is a stopper in the way on this rank, or there is a

            // stopper on adjacent file which controls the way to that rank.

            backward = (b | shift<Up>(b & adjacent_files_bb(f))) & stoppers;

            assert(!backward || !(pawn_attack_span(Them, s + Up) & neighbours));

        }

        // Passed pawns will be properly scored in evaluation because we need

        // full attack info to evaluate them.

        if (!stoppers && !(ourPawns & forward_bb(Us, s)))

            e->passedPawns[Us] |= s;

        // Score this pawn

        if (!neighbours)

            score -= Isolated[opposed];

        else if (backward)

            score -= Backward[opposed];

        else if (!supported)

            score -= Unsupported;

        if (connected)

            score += Connected[opposed][!!phalanx][more_than_one(supported)][relative_rank(Us, s)];

        if (doubled)

            score -= Doubled;

        if (lever)

            score += Lever[relative_rank(Us, s)];

    }

    return score;

  }

} // namespace

namespace Pawns {

/// Pawns::init() initializes some tables needed by evaluation. Instead of using

/// hard-coded tables, when makes sense, we prefer to calculate them with a formula

/// to reduce independent parameters and to allow easier tuning and better insight.

void init() {

  static const int Seed[RANK_NB] = { 0, 8, 19, 13, 71, 94, 169, 324 };

  for (int opposed = 0; opposed <= 1; ++opposed)

      for (int phalanx = 0; phalanx <= 1; ++phalanx)

          for (int apex = 0; apex <= 1; ++apex)

              for (Rank r = RANK_2; r < RANK_8; ++r)

  {

      int v = (Seed[r] + (phalanx ? (Seed[r + 1] - Seed[r]) / 2 : 0)) >> opposed;

      v += (apex ? v / 2 : 0);

      Connected[opposed][phalanx][apex][r] = make_score(v, v * 5 / 8);

  }

}

/// Pawns::probe() looks up the current position's pawns configuration in

/// the pawns hash table. It returns a pointer to the Entry if the position

/// is found. Otherwise a new Entry is computed and stored there, so we don't

/// have to recompute all when the same pawns configuration occurs again.

Entry* probe(const Position& pos) {

  Key key = pos.pawn_key();

  Entry* e = pos.this_thread()->pawnsTable[key];

  if (e->key == key)

      return e;

  e->key = key;

  e->score = evaluate<WHITE>(pos, e) - evaluate<BLACK>(pos, e);

  e->asymmetry = popcount(e->semiopenFiles[WHITE] ^ e->semiopenFiles[BLACK]);

  e->openFiles = popcount(e->semiopenFiles[WHITE] & e->semiopenFiles[BLACK]);

  return e;

}

/// Entry::shelter_storm() calculates shelter and storm penalties for the file

/// the king is on, as well as the two adjacent files.

template<Color Us>

Value Entry::shelter_storm(const Position& pos, Square ksq) {

  const Color Them = (Us == WHITE ? BLACK : WHITE);

  enum { NoFriendlyPawn, Unblocked, BlockedByPawn, BlockedByKing };

  Bitboard b = pos.pieces(PAWN) & (in_front_bb(Us, rank_of(ksq)) | rank_bb(ksq));

  Bitboard ourPawns = b & pos.pieces(Us);

  Bitboard theirPawns = b & pos.pieces(Them);

  Value safety = MaxSafetyBonus;

  File center = std::max(FILE_B, std::min(FILE_G, file_of(ksq)));

  for (File f = center - File(1); f <= center + File(1); ++f)

  {

      b = ourPawns & file_bb(f);

      Rank rkUs = b ? relative_rank(Us, backmost_sq(Us, b)) : RANK_1;

      b  = theirPawns & file_bb(f);

      Rank rkThem = b ? relative_rank(Us, frontmost_sq(Them, b)) : RANK_1;

      safety -=  ShelterWeakness[std::min(f, FILE_H - f)][rkUs]

               + StormDanger

                 [f == file_of(ksq) && rkThem == relative_rank(Us, ksq) + 1 ? BlockedByKing  :

                  rkUs   == RANK_1                                          ? NoFriendlyPawn :

                  rkThem == rkUs + 1                                        ? BlockedByPawn  : Unblocked]

                 [std::min(f, FILE_H - f)][rkThem];

  }

  return safety;

}

/// Entry::do_king_safety() calculates a bonus for king safety. It is called only

/// when king square changes, which is about 20% of total king_safety() calls.

template<Color Us>

Score Entry::do_king_safety(const Position& pos, Square ksq) {

  kingSquares[Us] = ksq;

  castlingRights[Us] = pos.can_castle(Us);

  int minKingPawnDistance = 0;

  Bitboard pawns = pos.pieces(Us, PAWN);

  if (pawns)

      while (!(DistanceRingBB[ksq][minKingPawnDistance++] & pawns)) {}

  Value bonus = shelter_storm<Us>(pos, ksq);

  // If we can castle use the bonus after the castling if it is bigger

  if (pos.can_castle(MakeCastling<Us, KING_SIDE>::right))

      bonus = std::max(bonus, shelter_storm<Us>(pos, relative_square(Us, SQ_G1)));

  if (pos.can_castle(MakeCastling<Us, QUEEN_SIDE>::right))

      bonus = std::max(bonus, shelter_storm<Us>(pos, relative_square(Us, SQ_C1)));

  return make_score(bonus, -16 * minKingPawnDistance);

}

// Explicit template instantiation

template Score Entry::do_king_safety<WHITE>(const Position& pos, Square ksq);

template Score Entry::do_king_safety<BLACK>(const Position& pos, Square ksq);

} // namespace Pawns